Residual Structural Performance of Spun Pile-Supported Wharves under Long-Term Marine Corrosion: A Multi-Parameter Assessment

Kohar Yudoprasetyo; Afif Navir Refani

doi:10.70716/reswara.v4i4.856

Authors

Kohar Yudoprasetyo Department Civil Infrastructure Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia Author
Afif Navir Refani Department Civil Infrastructure Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70716/reswara.v4i4.856

Keywords:

corrosion, spun pile, pile-supported wharf, residual performance, pushover analysis

Abstract

Long-term marine corrosion can progressively reduce the strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity of prestressed-concrete spun piles, but individual material or global-response parameters do not by themselves provide a complete condition assessment of aging pile-supported wharves. This study develops a multi-parameter residual-performance assessment by re-analyzing previously established corrosion-dependent material models and nonlinear pushover results for two representative wharf configurations: PSW-A with vertical Ø700 mm spun piles and PSW-B with vertical and batter Ø600 mm spun piles. Three exposure states were considered: 0, 50, and 75 years, corresponding to corrosion degrees of 0, 12.20, and 18.56%. At 75 years, the reported cover-concrete strength, core-concrete strength, and PC-bar yield strength retained approximately 40.21%, 82.87%, and 91.64% of their initial values. The effective pile stiffness factors decreased to 0.789-0.799, while lateral capacity decreased by approximately 25-28%. Ductility retention was only 0.667 for PSW-A and 0.660 for PSW-B. The comparison shows that the batter-pile system can retain relatively high peak-displacement and stiffness ratios while still experiencing greater lateral-capacity loss and strain concentration. The proposed normalized assessment provides a practical screening framework for inspection and maintenance prioritization, while remaining a deterministic, model-based preliminary approach requiring field validation.

References

Cui, Y., Ur Rehman, S., Wang, Z., Cui, Y., Ali, A., & Faisal, M. S. (2025). Seismic fragility and resilience assessment of pile-supported wharves with isolation systems in liquefied soil. Ocean Engineering, 340, 122317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.122317

Darmawan, M. S., Yudoprasetyo, K., Refani, A. N., Rosyidi, M. F., & Irwansyah. (2026). Case study of the effect of soil structure interaction on marine jetty performance subjected to corrosion. International Journal of GEOMATE, 30(141), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.21660/2026.141.5385

Feng, Y., & Gao, S. (2022). Seismic fragility analysis of concrete pile-supported wharves based on single-degree-of-freedom model. SN Applied Sciences, 4, 248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-022-05129-2

Fernandez, I., Bairán, J. M., & Marí, A. R. (2016). Mechanical model to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion effects on stress-strain and fatigue curves: Experimental calibration and validation. Engineering Structures, 118, 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.055

Kumar, S., Sarkar, R., & Nainegali, L. (2026). Seismic fragility of pile groups with batter piles in slope: A three-dimensional finite element investigation. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 84, 103937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2026.103937

Liu, Y., Miao, Z., Jiang, C., & Lu, Y. (2025). Effects of non-uniform rebar corrosion on the seismic behaviour of RC columns. Engineering Structures, 328, 119748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2025.119748

Ma, J., Yu, L., Li, B., & Yu, B. (2022). Stress-strain model for confined concrete in rectangular columns with corroded transverse reinforcement. Engineering Structures, 267, 114710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114710

Michałek, J., & Gago, F. (2024). Service life of pre-tensioned concrete structures in a chloride environment on the example of an aluminium foundry building. Materials, 17(12), 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122985

Mirzaeefard, H. (2026). Time-dependent seismic resilience assessment of pile-supported wharves under climate-modified chloride-induced corrosion. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 210, 110512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110512

Ou, Y. C., Susanto, Y. T. T., & Roh, H. (2016). Tensile behavior of naturally and artificially corroded steel bars. Construction and Building Materials, 103, 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.075

Refani, A. N., & Nagao, T. (2023a). Corrosion effects on the mechanical properties of spun pile materials. Applied Sciences, 13(3), 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031507

Refani, A. N., & Nagao, T. (2023b). Simplified method for nonlinear seismic response analysis of corroded pile-supported wharf. Applied Sciences, 13(19), 10936. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910936

Refani, A. N., Yudoprasetyo, K., Arkani, M. I., & Dewata, J. V. (2026). Performance-based strain limits for aging spun pile-supported wharves under long-term corrosion and seismic loading. Civil and Environmental Engineering. https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2027-0007

Sannasiraj, R. D. A., Shi, S., Liu, X., Gryllias, K., Vandepitte, D., Chronopoulos, D., & Zhang, L. (2025). A fully coupled depth-dependent corrosion model for reinforced concrete piles under marine environmental conditions. Construction and Building Materials, 472, 140795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140795

Sannasiraj, R. D. A., Shi, S., Liu, X., Gryllias, K., Vandepitte, D., Chronopoulos, D., & Zhang, L. (2026). Structural stability and service life assessment of marine RC piles subjected to depth-dependent corrosion under lateral impacts. Ocean Engineering, 359, Part 2, 125972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.125972

Su, L., Wan, H.-P., Lu, J., Ling, X., Elgamal, A., & Arulmoli, A. K. (2021). Seismic performance evaluation of a pile-supported wharf system at two seismic hazard levels. Ocean Engineering, 219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108333

Xi, X., Yang, S., & Li, C. Q. (2018). A non-uniform corrosion model and meso-scale fracture modelling of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 108, 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.009

Zebua, D., Laia, B., Giawa, J. F. K., & Mendrofa, K. B. (2026). Analysis of the effect of soil classification on displacement and inter-story drift of reinforced concrete buildings. RESWARA: Jurnal Riset Ilmu Teknik, 4(3), 398–410. https://doi.org/10.70716/reswara.v4i3.665

Zhang, X., Yang, M., Liu, H., Man, X., Yang, J., & Cui, J. (2026). Seismic resilience assessment of pile-supported wharves in liquefiable sites considering recovery path diversity and failure probability. Engineering Structures, 359, 122580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.122580

Zhao, X., Liao, X., Hu, Z., Li, X., Nie, Y., Liu, J., & Xu, Y. (2023). Seismic fragility analysis of steel pipe pile wharves with random pitting corrosion. Buildings, 13(10), 2619. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102619

Zhu, W., François, R., Poon, C. S., & Dai, J. G. (2017). Influences of corrosion degree and corrosion morphology on the ductility of steel reinforcement. Construction and Building Materials, 148, 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.079