Mechanism-Driven Performance Limitations in FASnI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells: A SCAPS-1D Study of the ITO/ZnO/FASnI₃/NiO/Pt Architecture

Abi Nurhidayat; Bambang  Soegijono

doi:10.70716/reswara.v4i3.736

Authors

Abi Nurhidayat Study Program of Physics, Institut Sains dan Teknologi Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia Author
Bambang Soegijono Study Program of Physics, Institut Sains dan Teknologi Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70716/reswara.v4i3.736

Keywords:

FASnI3, SCAPS-1D, Sn-based perovskite, Solar Cells

Abstract

Lead-free FASnI₃ perovskite solar cells offer a promising route toward environmentally benign photovoltaics, yet their practical performance remains constrained by unresolved loss mechanisms and overly idealized simulation assumptions. This study presents a mechanism-resolved SCAPS-1D analysis of the ITO/ZnO/FASnI₃/NiO/Pt architecture by evaluating the contributions of bulk recombination, interface recombination, resistive losses, and temperature effects within a unified framework. A graded realistic-defect methodology is introduced to bridge the gap between near-ideal simulations and fabrication-relevant conditions. Comprehensive parameter sweeps were performed for absorber energetics, doping concentration, thickness, bulk and interface defect densities, transport-layer properties, series resistance, operating temperature, and back-contact work function, while incorporating Shockley–Read–Hall, radiative, and Auger recombination mechanisms. Under near-ideal low-defect conditions, the optimized device achieves V, mA c, FF = 89.04%, and PCE = 31.90%, representing an upper-bound estimate within the simplified optical model. Under realistic conditions, the efficiency decreases systematically to 28.80% for the typical scenario, 22.57% for the moderate scenario, and 15.06% for the pessimistic scenario. The results establish a clear hierarchy of performance-limiting mechanisms, with bulk and interface Shockley–Read–Hall recombination dominating the efficiency gap, followed by series resistance and thermal effects. These findings provide a transferable mechanism-based framework and practical design guidelines for improving high-efficiency, lead-free FASnI₃ perovskite solar cells beyond idealized simulation conditions.

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