Optimasi Spesifik-Sifat Pupuk Organik Cair Urine Sapi untuk Bayam Hidroponik Rakit Apung

Sulaminingsih Sulaminingsih; Charlie Novianry  Panjaitan; Suwarno Suwarno; M. Rehan  Saputra

doi:10.70716/reswara.v4i3.723

Authors

Sulaminingsih Agroteknologi, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pertanian Berau, Berau, Indonesia Author
Charlie Novianry Panjaitan Agroteknologi, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pertanian Berau, Berau, Indonesia Author
Suwarno Agroteknologi, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pertanian Berau, Berau, Indonesia Author
M. Rehan Saputra Agroteknologi, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pertanian Berau, Berau, Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70716/reswara.v4i3.723

Keywords:

hydroponic spinach, cow urine fertilizer, liquid organic fertilizer, floating raft, circular agriculture

Abstract

Floating raft hydroponics can support rapid leafy vegetable production, yet reliance on commercial mineral nutrient solutions may limit affordability and circularity. This study evaluated the effect of cow urine-based liquid organic fertilizer on the growth of spinach (Amaranthus hybridus L.) in a floating raft hydroponic system and identified the most promising treatment zone. Six coded treatments (B0–B5) were tested with five replications. Plant height, leaf number, and leaf width were measured at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after transplanting, while root length was measured at the final observation. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and eta-squared effect size. The treatments significantly affected all final growth variables. At 3 weeks after transplanting, B2 (35 ml cow urine fertilizer/L water) produced the tallest plants (16.98 ± 0.41 cm), whereas B1 (30 ml cow urine fertilizer/L water) produced the highest leaf number (10.00 ± 1.00 leaves plant−1), the widest leaves (2.60 ± 0.14 cm), and the longest roots (22.68 ± 7.03 cm). Effect sizes were large for final plant height, leaf number, leaf width, and root length. Cow urine-based liquid organic fertilizer markedly shaped spinach vegetative growth, but the response was non-linear. B1–B2 represent the most promising treatment zone.

References

Ahbar, A. I., Othman, N. M. I., Shamsuddin, A. S., & Sari, N. A. (2024). Pelletized plant growth-promoting bacteria derived from fermented rice water and its influence in pakchoy growth enhancement. Jurnal Teknologi, 86(6), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v86.21087

Arfarita, N., Masyhuri, M., Sugiarto, S., & Higuchi, T. (2024). The effect of VP3 biofertilizer and compost application on red spinach (Amaranthus dubius) and green spinach (Amaranthus viridis) yield and quality. Journal of Tropical Life Science, 14(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.11594/jtls.14.01.04

Aziz, H. H. (2023). Effect of organic and bio-fertilizers on okra plant growth. Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural Sciences, 11(2), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.22194/JGIAS/23.1041

Fahrurrozi, F., Muktamar, Z., Setyowati, N., & Sudjatmiko, S. (2022). Liquid organic fertilizer increased nutrient uptakes, growth and yields of organically grown carrot and green onion. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 21(4), 707–715. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2022.707.715

Kaur, R., Kaur, S., Dwibedi, V., Kaur, C., Akhtar, N., & Alzahrani, A. (2023). Development and characterization of rice bran-gum Arabic based encapsulated biofertilizer for enhanced shelf life and controlled bacterial release. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, Article 1267730. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1267730

Liang, Q., Shi, X., Li, N., Shi, F., Tian, Y., Zhang, H., Hao, X., & Luo, H. (2022). Fertilizer reduction combined with organic liquid fertilizer improved canopy structure and function and increased cotton yield. Agronomy, 12(8), Article 1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081759

Moridi, A., Zarei, M., Moosavi, A. A., & Ronaghi, A. (2021). Effect of liquid organic fertilizers and soil moisture status on some biological and physical properties of soil. Polish Journal of Soil Science, 54(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.17951/pjss.2021.54.1.41-58

Parveen, Masood, Z., Batool, H., Riaz, A., Ali, W., Khan, W., Kabir, M., Aslam, M., & Said, M. B. (2026). Impact of trace metals in fish waste-based organic fertilizer on growth promotion and nutritional components of spinach plant (Spinacia oleracea L.). Scientific Reports, 16(1), Article 10238. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41171-5

Patel, M., Islam, S., Glick, B. R., Choudhary, N., Yadav, V. K., Bagatharia, S., Sahoo, D. K., & Patel, A. (2024). Zero budget natural farming components Jeevamrit and Beejamrit augment Spinacia oleracea L. growth by ameliorating salt and drought stress. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, Article 1326390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1326390

Pei, B., Liu, T., Xue, Z., Cao, J., Zhang, Y., Yu, M., Liu, E., Xing, J., Wang, F., Ren, X., & Zhang, Z. (2025). Effects of biofertilizer on yield and quality of crops and properties of soil under field conditions in China: A meta-analysis. Agriculture, 15(10), Article 1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101066

Petrillo, C., Vitale, E., Ambrosino, P., Arena, C., & Isticato, R. (2022). Plant growth-promoting bacterial consortia as a strategy to alleviate drought stress in Spinacia oleracea. Microorganisms, 10(9), Article 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091798

Purba, J. H., Suarmika, I. G. M., & Prabawa, P. S. (2026). Optimizing banana corm-based local microorganisms for reduced NPK fertilization in pak choi (Brassica rapa). Asian Journal of Agriculture, 10(1), Article g10014. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100145

Purnama, I., Mutryarny, E., & Wijaya, R. T. (2023). Advancing porang growth in red-yellow podzolic soils: An experimental analysis of solid guano and liquid organic fertilizer interaction. Idesia, 41(3), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34292023000300009

Riddech, N., Ma, N. Y., Ho, P. N., & Sarin, P. (2022). A plant growth promoting of rhizobacteria and endophytic bacteria in vegetable rhizosphere and root samples. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 16(3), 1909–1921. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.16.3.38

Rubio, R., Pérez Espinosa, A., Martínez-Sabater, E., Orden, L., Velamazán Ros, M., de Silva Alves, L., Sánchez-Méndez, S., Andreu-Rodríguez, F. J., Sáez-Tovar, J. A., & Moral, R. (2026). Validation of compost-derived biofertilizer s from cattle manure in lettuce cultivation using multispectral imaging and vegetation indices. Applied Sciences, 16(10), Article 4644. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16104644

Saleem, I., Asad, W., Kiran, T., Asad, S. B., Khaliq, S., Al-Harethi, A. A. M., Mallasiy, L. O., & Shah, T. A. (2025). Enhancing spinach growth with a biofertilizer derived from chicken feathers using a keratinolytic bacterial consortium. BMC Microbiology, 25(1), Article 207. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-03866-z

Seman, N. A., & Adam, S. (2023). The effect of pineapple peel wastes as liquid organic fertiliser on growth character of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Food Research, 7, 70–77. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.7(S2).7

Shi, X. J., Hao, X. Z., Li, N. N., Li, J. H., Shi, F., Han, H. Y., Tian, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, J., & Luo, H. H. (2022). Organic liquid fertilizer coupled with single application of chemical fertilization improves growth, biomass, and yield components of cotton under mulch drip irrigation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, Article 763525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.763525

Shi, X., Hao, X., Khan, A., Li, N., Li, J., Shi, F., Tian, Y., Nepal, J., Wang, J., & Luo, H. (2023). Increase in cotton yield through improved leaf physiological functioning under reduced chemical fertilization compensated by enhanced organic liquid fertilization. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, Article 1225939. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1225939

Stanly, L. M., & Umesh, M. (2024). Effect of chicken feather hydrolysate on growth of spinach through soil amendment method: Unraveling a potential liquid biofertilizer. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 18(3), 2085–2094. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.18.3.58

Szekely, I., Zeaiter, Z., & Jijakli, M. H. (2023). Development of a simple bioponic method using manure and offering comparable lettuce yield than hydroponics. Water, 15(13), Article 2335. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132335

Thepsilvisut, O., Srikan, N., Chutimanukul, P., Marubodee, R., & Ehara, H. (2024). Developing guidelines for Azolla microphylla production as compost for sustainable agriculture. Resources, 13(11), Article 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13110158

Tor, X. Y., Toh, W. K., Loh, P. C., & Wong, H. L. (2022). Isolation of bacteria with plant growth-promoting activities from a foliar biofertilizer. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 18(3), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.21161/mjm.211365

Walia, A., Selvarajan, R., Ogola, H. J. O., Chauhan, R., Bala, J., Verma, S. K., & Kumar, R. (2025). Genome-resolved analysis of traditional fermented biofertilizer s as scalable solutions for soil restoration. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, Article 1725475. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1725475

Wichaphian, A., Sriket, N., Sensupa, S., Pekkoh, J., Pathom-aree, W., Chromkaew, Y., Suwannarach, N., Kumla, J., Cheirsilp, B., & Srinuanpan, S. (2023). Value-added green biorefinery co-products from ultrasonically assisted DES-pretreated Chlorella biomass. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 100, Article 106628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106628

Yépez, K. C. M., Freile, M. F. M., Saltos, G. Y. B., & Cifuentes, B. E. S. (2025). Microbiological evaluation of a biol produced with mountain native microorganisms and its effect on Chinese cabbage cultivation under deficit irrigation conditions. Acta Agronomica, 73(2), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.15446/acag.v73n2.118289